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JavaScript Program to Check Prime Numbers

written by utmoker71

Here are some JavaScript programs that check if a given number is a prime number.

A prime number is a number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.

Example 1: Basic Prime Number Check

This simple program checks if a number is prime using a for loop.

function isPrime(num) {
  if (num <= 1) {
    return false; // Numbers less than 2 are not prime
  }

  for (let i = 2; i < num; i++) {
    if (num % i === 0) {
      return false; // If divisible by any number other than 1 and itself, not prime
    }
  }

  return true; // Number is prime
}

// Test the function
const number = 29;
if (isPrime(number)) {
  console.log(`${number} is a prime number.`);
} else {
  console.log(`${number} is not a prime number.`);
}

Output:

29 is a prime number.

Explanation

The function isPrime(num) checks if the given number num is prime.
If num is less than or equal to 1, it is not a prime number.
The for loop iterates from 2 to num – 1 to check for divisors. If any divisor is found, it returns false.
If no divisors are found, the function returns true.

Example 2: Optimized Prime Number Check

A more efficient way to check if a number is prime is to iterate only up to the square root of the number. This reduces the number of iterations and improves performance.

function isPrime(num) {
  if (num <= 1) {
    return false; // Numbers less than 2 are not prime
  }
  
  // Check from 2 to the square root of num
  for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(num); i++) {
    if (num % i === 0) {
      return false; // If divisible, not prime
    }
  }

  return true; // Number is prime
}

// Test the function
const number = 29;
if (isPrime(number)) {
  console.log(`${number} is a prime number.`);
} else {
  console.log(`${number} is not a prime number.`);
}

Output:

29 is a prime number.

Explanation

This optimized version checks divisors only up to the square root of num, significantly reducing the number of iterations.

Example 3: Check Prime Numbers in a Range

This program checks all numbers within a specified range and logs whether each number is prime.

function isPrime(num) {
  if (num <= 1) {
    return false;
  }

  for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(num); i++) {
    if (num % i === 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

function checkPrimesInRange(start, end) {
  for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) {
    if (isPrime(i)) {
      console.log(`${i} is a prime number.`);
    } else {
      console.log(`${i} is not a prime number.`);
    }
  }
}

// Test the function
checkPrimesInRange(10, 20);

Output:

10 is not a prime number.
11 is a prime number.
12 is not a prime number.
13 is a prime number.
14 is not a prime number.
15 is not a prime number.
16 is not a prime number.
17 is a prime number.
18 is not a prime number.
19 is a prime number.
20 is not a prime number.

Explanation

The isPrime(num) function is used to check if each number in the range is prime.
The checkPrimesInRange(start, end) function iterates through the specified range and uses isPrime to log whether each number is prime.

Example 4: One-Liner Prime Number Check Using Array.every()

Here’s a one-liner function using the Array.every() method to check if a number is prime.

const isPrime = (num) => num > 1 && [...Array(Math.floor(Math.sqrt(num)) - 1).keys()].map(i => i + 2).every(i => num % i !== 0);

// Test the function
const number = 29;
console.log(isPrime(number) ? `${number} is a prime number.` : `${number} is not a prime number.`);

Output:

29 is a prime number.

Explanation

This one-liner creates an array of numbers from 2 to the square root of num.
The every() method checks that num is not divisible by any of these numbers.
It returns true if num is prime and false otherwise.
These examples show different ways to check if a number is prime in JavaScript, ranging from simple loops to optimized methods. Feel free to use or adapt these examples depending on your use case!

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Control Flow

JavaScript for Loop: A Complete Tutorial with Examples

written by utmoker71

The for loop is one of the most commonly used looping structures in JavaScript. It allows you to execute a block of code a specific number of times, based on a condition.

It is typically used when you know beforehand how many times you need to iterate.

Syntax of the for Loop

for (initialization; condition; finalExpression) {
  // Code to execute
}

Explanation

initialization: Sets up a variable that will be used in the loop.
condition: The loop will continue to run as long as this expression is true.
finalExpression: Executes after each iteration of the loop; usually used to update the loop variable.

1. Basic for Loop Example

Let’s start with a simple example that prints numbers from 1 to 5.

for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
  console.log(i);
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Explanation

Initialization: let i = 1 sets up a loop variable i starting at 1.
Condition: i <= 5 ensures that the loop runs as long as i is less than or equal to 5.
Final Expression: i++ increments i by 1 after each iteration.

2. for Loop with Arrays

The for loop is often used to iterate over arrays.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'];

for (let i = 0; i < fruits.length; i++) {
  console.log(fruits[i]);
}

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

Explanation

The loop runs from i = 0 to i < fruits.length (which is 3 in this case).
Each element of the array is accessed using fruits[i].

3. Using for Loop with break

You can use the break statement to exit the loop prematurely based on a specific condition.

for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  if (i === 5) {
    break; // Exit the loop when i equals 5
  }
  console.log(i);
}

Output:

1
2
3
4

Explanation

The loop starts at i = 1 and increments i by 1 until it reaches 10.
When i equals 5, the break statement terminates the loop.

4. Using for Loop with continue

The continue statement skips the current iteration and moves to the next one.

for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  if (i % 2 === 0) {
    continue; // Skip even numbers
  }
  console.log(i);
}

Output:

1
3
5
7
9

Explanation

The loop runs from i = 1 to i <= 10.
If i is even (i % 2 === 0), the continue statement skips printing that number.

5. Nested for Loops

You can use nested for loops to handle more complex tasks, such as printing a multiplication table.

for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
  for (let j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
    console.log(`${i} * ${j} = ${i * j}`);
  }
}

Output:

1 * 1 = 1
1 * 2 = 2
...
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25

Explanation

The outer loop iterates over i from 1 to 5.
The inner loop iterates over j from 1 to 5 for each i.
Each combination of i and j is printed as a product.

6. for Loop with Different Step Values

You can control how much the loop variable changes after each iteration. For example, you can decrement or increment by a different value.

for (let i = 10; i >= 0; i -= 2) {
  console.log(i);
}

Output:

10
8
6
4
2
0

Explanation

The loop starts at i = 10 and decrements i by 2 (i -= 2) after each iteration.
The loop stops when i is less than 0.

7. Looping Over Objects Using for…in

The for…in loop is used to iterate over the properties of an object.

let person = {
  name: 'John',
  age: 25,
  city: 'New York'
};

for (let key in person) {
  console.log(`${key}: ${person[key]}`);
}

Output:

name: John
age: 25
city: New York

Explanation

The loop iterates over each key in the person object.
person[key] is used to access the value of each property.

8. Looping Over Arrays Using for…of

The for…of loop is used to iterate over iterable objects like arrays and strings.

let colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue'];

for (let color of colors) {
  console.log(color);
}

Output:

red
green
blue

Explanation

The loop iterates directly over the elements of the colors array.
Each element is stored in the variable color and logged to the console.

9. for Loop with Conditions in Initialization and Final Expression

You can use more complex logic in the initialization and final expressions.

let start = 1, end = 20;

for (; start <= end; start *= 2) {
  console.log(start);
}

Output:

1
2
4
8
16

Explanation

The loop starts with start = 1.
Each time, start is multiplied by 2 (start *= 2).
The loop stops when start is greater than 20.

Conclusion

The for loop is a versatile looping structure in JavaScript. It is particularly useful when you know how many times you need to iterate or when working with arrays and objects.

Key Points to Remember

The for loop contains an initialization, a condition, and a final expression.
Use break to exit a loop early and continue to skip to the next iteration.
Nested for loops are great for multi-dimensional tasks.
Use for…in for iterating over object properties.
Use for…of for iterating over iterable items like arrays and strings.

With this tutorial, you should have a solid understanding of the for loop and its many use cases in JavaScript. Happy coding!

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Control Flow

JavaScript do while Loop: A Complete Tutorial with Examples

written by utmoker71

The do…while loop in JavaScript is similar to the while loop, with one key difference: a do…while loop will execute the code block at least once, even if the condition is false.

This is because the condition is evaluated after the code block is executed.

Syntax of the do…while Loop

do {
  // Code to execute
} while (condition);

Explanation

do: This block of code will run first before the condition is checked.
while (condition): The loop will continue to run as long as this condition is true.

1. Basic do…while Loop Example

Let's start with a simple example that prints numbers from 1 to 5.

let number = 1;

do {
  console.log(number);
  number++;
} while (number <= 5);

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Explanation

The code inside the do block is executed first, so 1 is printed.
After the code block runs, the while condition (number <= 5) is checked.
If the condition is true, the loop runs again; otherwise, it stops.

2. Executing the Loop at Least Once

One of the main benefits of using a do…while loop is that the code block will always execute at least once, even if the condition is false to begin with.

let count = 10;

do {
  console.log(count);
  count++;
} while (count < 5);

Output:

10

Explanation

The loop executes the do block first, printing 10.
Then it checks the condition (count < 5), which is false.
Since the condition is false, the loop stops after the first execution.

3. do…while Loop for Input Validation

The do…while loop is handy for validating user input. Here's an example where the loop prompts the user for a number greater than 10:

let userInput;

do {
  userInput = parseInt(prompt('Enter a number greater than 10:'));
} while (userInput <= 10 || isNaN(userInput));

console.log(`You entered: ${userInput}`);

Explanation

The do block executes first, prompting the user to input a number.
The while condition checks if the input is less than or equal to 10 or is NaN.
The loop repeats until the user enters a valid number greater than 10.

Note: This example uses prompt() for input, which works in a browser environment.

4. Using break to Exit a do…while Loop

You can use the break statement inside a do…while loop to exit it prematurely based on a specific condition.

let i = 1;

do {
  console.log(i);
  if (i === 3) {
    break; // Exit the loop when i is 3
  }
  i++;
} while (i <= 5);

Output:

1
2
3

Explanation

The loop starts with i = 1 and prints numbers.
When i equals 3, the break statement exits the loop.
The loop stops even though the while condition is still true.

5. Using continue to Skip an Iteration

The continue statement can be used in a do…while loop to skip the current iteration and move to the next one.

let num = 0;

do {
  num++;
  if (num % 2 === 0) {
    continue; // Skip even numbers
  }
  console.log(num);
} while (num < 10);

Output:

1
3
5
7
9

Explanation

The loop increments num before checking the if condition.
If num is even (num % 2 === 0), the continue statement skips the rest of the loop's code and moves to the next iteration.
Only odd numbers are printed.

6. Nested do…while Loops

You can nest do…while loops to handle more complex scenarios, like printing a simple multiplication table.

let i = 1;

do {
  let j = 1;
  
  do {
    console.log(`${i} * ${j} = ${i * j}`);
    j++;
  } while (j <= 5);
  
  i++;
} while (i <= 5);

Output:

1 * 1 = 1
1 * 2 = 2
...
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25

Explanation

The outer do…while loop iterates over i from 1 to 5.
For each iteration of i, the inner do…while loop iterates over j from 1 to 5.
This prints the multiplication table for numbers 1 through 5.

7. do…while Loop with Arrays

The do…while loop can be used to iterate through an array, especially if you need to process at least one element regardless of conditions.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'];
let index = 0;

do {
  console.log(fruits[index]);
  index++;
} while (index < fruits.length);

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

Explanation

The loop starts with index = 0.
It prints each element in the fruits array.
The loop continues until index is equal to the length of the array.

Conclusion

The do…while loop in JavaScript is useful when you need to guarantee that a block of code runs at least once, regardless of whether the condition is initially true or not.

Here are some key takeaways:

The code inside the do block executes before the condition is checked.
Always remember to modify the loop variable within the loop to avoid infinite loops.
Use break to exit the loop and continue to skip the current iteration when necessary.

By understanding how to use the do…while loop, you can handle situations where you need to ensure at least one iteration of code execution before checking a condition. Happy coding!

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Control Flow

JavaScript while Loop: A Complete Tutorial with Examples

written by utmoker71

The while loop in JavaScript repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition evaluates to true.

It is useful when you don't know beforehand how many times you need to repeat a code block.

Syntax of the while Loop

while (condition) {
  // Code to be executed
}

condition: The loop continues as long as this expression evaluates to true.
The loop's body is enclosed in curly braces {} and will execute each time the condition is true.

Example 1: Basic while Loop

Let's start with a simple example that prints numbers from 1 to 5 using a while loop.

let number = 1;

while (number <= 5) {
  console.log(number);
  number++; // Increment the number
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Explanation

The loop starts with number set to 1.
It checks if number is less than or equal to 5. If true, it executes the code inside the loop.
console.log(number) prints the current value of number.
number++ increments number by 1.
The loop repeats until number is greater than 5.

Example 2: Using the while Loop for Input Validation

The while loop is often used to validate user input. Here's an example where the loop prompts the user until a valid number is entered.

let userInput = prompt('Enter a number greater than 10:');

while (userInput <= 10) {
  userInput = prompt('Invalid input. Please enter a number greater than 10:');
}

console.log(`You entered: ${userInput}`);

Explanation

The loop continues prompting the user until a number greater than 10 is provided.
prompt() returns the user input as a string, so it’s implicitly converted to a number when compared (<=).
Once a valid number is entered, the loop exits, and the valid input is logged to the console.

Note: This code snippet uses prompt() for input, which is a common way to get input in the browser.

Example 3: Infinite while Loop

An infinite while loop continues forever because the condition always remains true. Here’s an example of an infinite loop (though it's generally a situation to avoid):

while (true) {
  console.log('This will run forever unless manually stopped.');
}

Explanation

The condition true is always true, so the loop will never end on its own.
Important: Infinite loops can crash your program or browser, so they should be used with care and a clear plan to exit.

Example 4: while Loop with break

To exit a while loop prematurely, you can use the break statement.

let count = 1;

while (true) {
  console.log(count);
  count++;
  
  if (count > 5) {
    break; // Exit the loop when count is greater than 5
  }
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Explanation

This is an infinite loop (while (true)), but it contains a break statement.
The loop stops when count exceeds 5.

Example 5: Skipping an Iteration with continue

The continue statement skips the current iteration of the loop and moves to the next one.

let num = 0;

while (num < 10) {
  num++;
  
  if (num % 2 === 0) {
    continue; // Skip the rest of the code inside the loop if num is even
  }
  
  console.log(num); // This will print only odd numbers
}

Output:

1
3
5
7
9

Explanation

The continue statement is used to skip printing the even numbers.
When num % 2 === 0 (i.e., num is even), continue skips the rest of the loop's code and goes to the next iteration.

Example 6: Nested while Loops

You can use nested while loops for more complex scenarios, such as printing a simple multiplication table.

let i = 1;

while (i <= 5) {
  let j = 1;
  
  while (j <= 5) {
    console.log(`${i} * ${j} = ${i * j}`);
    j++;
  }
  
  i++;
}

Output:

1 * 1 = 1
1 * 2 = 2
...
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25

Explanation

The outer while loop iterates over i from 1 to 5.
The inner while loop iterates over j from 1 to 5 for each i.
It prints the product of i and j in a multiplication table format.

Example 7: Using while Loop with Arrays

The while loop can be used to iterate over an array.

let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'];
let index = 0;

while (index < fruits.length) {
  console.log(fruits[index]);
  index++;
}

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

Explanation

The loop continues as long as index is less than the length of the fruits array.
It accesses each element in the array and prints it to the console.

Conclusion

The while loop is a powerful tool in JavaScript for running a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true. It is particularly useful when you don't know beforehand how many times you need to repeat the loop.

Here are some key points to remember:

Ensure that the condition eventually becomes false to avoid infinite loops.
Use break to exit a loop prematurely when necessary.
Use continue to skip the current iteration and move to the next one.

With this tutorial, you now have a solid understanding of the while loop and its various use cases in JavaScript. Happy coding!

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Control Flow

JavaScript switch Statement: A Complete Tutorial with Examples

written by utmoker71

The switch statement in JavaScript is a control structure used to execute different code blocks based on the value of an expression.

It is a more readable alternative to multiple if…else statements when dealing with multiple conditions.

Syntax of switch Statement

switch(expression) {
  case value1:
    // Code to execute if expression === value1
    break;
  case value2:
    // Code to execute if expression === value2
    break;
  ...
  default:
    // Code to execute if none of the cases match
}

Explanation

switch(expression): The expression whose value is compared against the cases.
case value: Each case compares its value with the expression.
break: Exits the switch block. If omitted, the next case will be executed regardless of the match.
default: Optional. Executes if none of the case values match the expression.

1. Basic switch Statement Example

Here’s a simple example using the switch statement to match a variable against different fruit names:

let fruit = 'apple';

switch(fruit) {
  case 'apple':
    console.log('Apples are $1 per pound.');
    break;
  case 'banana':
    console.log('Bananas are $0.50 per pound.');
    break;
  case 'cherry':
    console.log('Cherries are $3 per pound.');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Sorry, we are out of that fruit.');
}

Output: Apples are $1 per pound.

Explanation

The switch statement checks the value of fruit.
When fruit is ‘apple', it matches case ‘apple', executes its code, and exits the switch block due to the break.

2. Using default in a switch Statement

The default case executes if none of the specified cases match the expression. This is similar to the else statement in an if…else block.

let color = 'purple';

switch(color) {
  case 'red':
    console.log('You chose red.');
    break;
  case 'green':
    console.log('You chose green.');
    break;
  case 'blue':
    console.log('You chose blue.');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Color not recognized.');
}

Output: Color not recognized.

Explanation

Since color is ‘purple' and none of the cases match, the default case executes.

3. Multiple Cases with the Same Code

You can group multiple case labels together to execute the same code block:

let day = 'Saturday';

switch(day) {
  case 'Monday':
  case 'Tuesday':
  case 'Wednesday':
  case 'Thursday':
  case 'Friday':
    console.log('It\'s a weekday.');
    break;
  case 'Saturday':
  case 'Sunday':
    console.log('It\'s the weekend!');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Not a valid day.');
}

Output: It's the weekend!

Explanation

If day is ‘Saturday' or ‘Sunday', the same code block runs because they are grouped together.

4. Omitting break for Fall-Through

If the break statement is omitted, JavaScript will continue executing the next case statements (known as fall-through). While this is generally not recommended, it can be used in specific scenarios.

let score = 'B';

switch(score) {
  case 'A':
    console.log('Excellent!');
    break;
  case 'B':
  case 'C':
    console.log('Well done!');
    break;
  case 'D':
    console.log('You passed.');
    break;
  case 'F':
    console.log('Try again.');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Invalid grade.');
}

Output: Well done!

Explanation

When score is ‘B', it falls through to the next line (case ‘C') since they share the same console.log().

5. Using Expressions in switch Statements

The switch statement can also handle complex expressions:

let number = 10;

switch(true) {
  case (number < 0): console.log('Number is negative.'); break; case (number === 0): console.log('Number is zero.'); break; case (number > 0):
    console.log('Number is positive.');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Not a valid number.');
}

Output: Number is positive.

Explanation

The switch expression here uses true to allow the use of conditions within the case statements.

6. Nesting switch Statements

You can nest switch statements within each other, but this should be done with caution to avoid overly complex code.

let animalType = 'mammal';
let animalName = 'dog';

switch(animalType) {
  case 'mammal':
    switch(animalName) {
      case 'dog':
        console.log('It\'s a dog, a friendly mammal.');
        break;
      case 'cat':
        console.log('It\'s a cat, an independent mammal.');
        break;
      default:
        console.log('Unknown mammal.');
    }
    break;
  case 'bird':
    console.log('It\'s a bird.');
    break;
  default:
    console.log('Unknown animal type.');
}

Output: It's a dog, a friendly mammal.

Explanation

The outer switch checks the type of animal (animalType).
If it's a ‘mammal', it enters an inner switch to check the specific animal name (animalName).

Conclusion

The switch statement is a powerful tool in JavaScript for handling multiple conditions. It is particularly useful when you have a variable that can take on a discrete set of values.

The use of case, break, and default statements allows for flexible and readable code.

Key Points to Remember
Use break to prevent fall-through.
Group multiple case statements to run the same code.
The default case is optional but useful as a fallback.
switch statements can handle complex conditions when used with expressions.

Now that you have a thorough understanding of switch statements, you can apply them to various scenarios in your JavaScript programming!

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Basics

JavaScript Data Types: A Complete Guide with Examples

written by utmoker71

In JavaScript, data types determine the type of value stored in a variable.

JavaScript has both primitive data types (which include String, Number, Boolean, Undefined, Null, Symbol, and BigInt) and non-primitive data types (Object, Array, Function).

 

1. Primitive Data Types

1.1. String

A string is a sequence of characters used to represent text. Strings are enclosed in single (‘ ‘), double (” “), or backticks (` `) quotes.

let singleQuote = 'Hello, World!';
let doubleQuote = "JavaScript is fun!";
let templateString = `This is a template literal, and you can include variables like ${singleQuote}`;

console.log(singleQuote); // Output: Hello, World!
console.log(doubleQuote); // Output: JavaScript is fun!
console.log(templateString); // Output: This is a template literal, and you can include variables like Hello, World!

1.2. Number

The Number data type is used to represent both integers and floating-point numbers. JavaScript also supports special numeric values like Infinity and NaN (Not-a-Number).

let integer = 42;
let float = 3.14;
let negative = -7;
let infinityValue = Infinity;
let notANumber = NaN;

console.log(integer); // Output: 42
console.log(float); // Output: 3.14
console.log(negative); // Output: -7
console.log(infinityValue); // Output: Infinity
console.log(notANumber); // Output: NaN

1.3. Boolean

A boolean can only have two values: true or false. Booleans are often used in conditional statements to control the flow of the program.

let isJavaScriptFun = true;
let isPythonFun = false;

console.log(isJavaScriptFun); // Output: true
console.log(isPythonFun); // Output: false

1.4. Undefined

A variable that has been declared but not assigned a value has the value undefined.

let undefinedVar;
console.log(undefinedVar); // Output: undefined

// Declaring a variable explicitly as undefined
let explicitlyUndefined = undefined;
console.log(explicitlyUndefined); // Output: undefined

1.5. Null

The null value represents an intentional absence of any object value. It is explicitly set by the programmer to indicate “no value.”

let emptyValue = null;
console.log(emptyValue); // Output: null

1.6. Symbol

Symbol is a unique and immutable data type that is often used as unique property keys in objects. Each Symbol is unique.

let sym1 = Symbol('description');
let sym2 = Symbol('description');

console.log(sym1 === sym2); // Output: false
console.log(sym1); // Output: Symbol(description)
console.log(sym2); // Output: Symbol(description)

1.7. BigInt

BigInt is a data type introduced in ES2020 that allows you to represent integers larger than the Number type's limit (2^53 – 1).

let bigIntNumber = 123456789012345678901234567890n; // Notice the 'n' at the end
console.log(bigIntNumber); // Output: 123456789012345678901234567890n

// Operations with BigInt
let bigIntSum = bigIntNumber + 10n;
console.log(bigIntSum); // Output: 123456789012345678901234567900n

2. Non-Primitive Data Types

2.1. Object

An Object is a collection of key-value pairs. Objects can store various data types and complex entities.

let person = {
  firstName: 'John',
  lastName: 'Doe',
  age: 30,
  isEmployed: true
};

console.log(person.firstName); // Output: John
console.log(person['lastName']); // Output: Doe

// Adding a new property
person.country = 'USA';
console.log(person.country); // Output: USA

2.2. Array

Arrays are special types of objects used to store multiple values in a single variable. Array elements are ordered and indexed starting from 0.

let fruits = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Cherry'];

console.log(fruits[0]); // Output: Apple
console.log(fruits.length); // Output: 3

// Adding an element to the array
fruits.push('Orange');
console.log(fruits); // Output: ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Cherry', 'Orange']

2.3. Function

A function is an object in JavaScript that performs a task or calculates a value. Functions can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, and returned from other functions.

// Function declaration
function greet(name) {
  return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}

console.log(greet('Alice')); // Output: Hello, Alice!

// Function expression
let add = function(a, b) {
  return a + b;
};

console.log(add(5, 3)); // Output: 8

3. Dynamic Typing in JavaScript

In JavaScript, a variable can change its type as new values are assigned to it.

let variable = 'I am a string';
console.log(typeof variable); // Output: string

variable = 42; // Now the variable is a number
console.log(typeof variable); // Output: number

variable = true; // Now the variable is a boolean
console.log(typeof variable); // Output: boolean

4. Checking Data Types

JavaScript provides the typeof operator to check the data type of a variable.

console.log(typeof 'Hello'); // Output: string
console.log(typeof 123); // Output: number
console.log(typeof true); // Output: boolean
console.log(typeof undefined); // Output: undefined
console.log(typeof null); // Output: object (this is a quirk in JavaScript)
console.log(typeof Symbol('id')); // Output: symbol
console.log(typeof 123n); // Output: bigint
console.log(typeof {}); // Output: object
console.log(typeof []); // Output: object (arrays are objects in JavaScript)
console.log(typeof function(){}); // Output: function

Summary

Primitive data types include: String, Number, Boolean, Undefined, Null, Symbol, and BigInt.
Non-primitive data types include: Object, Array, and Function.

Use typeof to determine the data type of a variable.

JavaScript is dynamically typed, meaning variables can change types during runtime.

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of JavaScript data types with practical code examples to help you understand how to use them effectively in your programming.

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